Impact of arterial procedures on coagulation and fibrinolysis - a pilot study

Abstract Objective: The main goal of our study was to assess the impact of vascular procedures on the activity of hemostatic and fibrinolytic pathways. Methods: We enrolled 38 patients with ≥ 45 years old undergoing surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm or peripheral artery disease under general or regional anesthesia and who were hospitalized at least one night after the procedure. Patients undergoing carotid artery surgery and those who had acute bypass graft thrombosis, cancer, renal failure defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 ml/min/1.73m2, venous thromboembolism three months prior to surgery, or acute infection were excluded from the study. We measured levels of markers of hemostasis (factor VIII, von Willebrand factor:ristocetin cofactor [vWF:CoR], antithrombin), fibrinolysis (D-dimer, tissue plasminogen activator [tPA], plasmin-antiplasmin complexes), and soluble cluster of differentiation 40 ligand (sCD40L) before and 6-12h after vascular procedure. Results: Significant differences between preoperative and postoperative levels of factor VIII (158.0 vs. 103.3, P<0.001), antithrombin (92.1 vs. 74.8, P<0.001), D-dimer (938.0 vs. 2406.0, P=0.005), tPA (10.1 vs. 12.8, P=0.002), and sCD40L (9092.9 vs. 1249.6, P<0.001) were observed. There were no significant differences between pre- and postoperative levels of vWF:CoR (140.6 vs. 162.8, P=0.17) and plasmin-antiplasmin complexes (749.6 vs. 863.7, P=0.21). Conclusion: Vascular surgery leads to significant alterations in hemostatic and fibrinolytic systems. However, the direction of these changes in both pathways remains unclear and seems to be different depending on the type of surgery. A study utilizing dynamic methods of coagulation and fibrinolysis assessment performed on a larger population is warranted.

Platelet function, coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with previous coronary and cerebrovascular ischemic events

OBJECTIVES: Ischemic stroke (IS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) history is present in 4-17% of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This subgroup of patients is at high risk for both ischemic and bleeding events. The aim of this study was to determine the role of platelet aggregability, coagulation and endogenous fibrinolysis in patients with CAD and previous IS or TIA. METHODS: A prospective case-control study that included 140 stable CAD patients divided into two groups: the CASE group (those with a previous IS/TIA, n=70) and the CONTROL group (those without a previous IS/TIA, n=70). Platelet aggregability (VerifyNow Aspirin® and VerifyNow P2Y12®), coagulation (fibrinogen and thromboelastography by Reorox®) and endogenous fibrinolysis (D dimer and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) were evaluated. RESULTS: Patients in the CASE group presented significantly higher systolic blood pressure levels (135.84±16.09 vs 123.68±16.11, p<0.01), significantly more previous CABG (25.71% vs 10%, p=0.015) and significantly higher calcium channel blocker usage (42.86% vs 24.29%, p=0.02) than those in the control group. In the adjusted models, low triglyceride values, low hemoglobin values and higher systolic blood pressure were significantly associated with previous IS/TIA (CASE group). Most importantly, platelet aggregability, coagulation and fibrinolysis tests were not independently associated with previous cerebrovascular ischemic events (CASE group). CONCLUSION: Platelet aggregability, coagulation and endogenous fibrinolysis showed similar results among CAD patients with and without previous IS/TIA. Therefore, it remains necessary to identify other targets to explain the higher bleeding risk presented by these patients.

Menopausia y riesgo cardiovascular / Menopause and cardiovascular risk

En el período posmenopáusico aumentan la morbilidad y la mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular. Se ha demostrado que la disminución en el nivel de estrógenos actúa incrementando el riesgo de aterotrombosis, al incidir en la aparición de cambios en el metabolismo lipídico y en algunos factores de coagulación y la fibrinólisis, asi como en una tendencia al incremento del peso corporal, acentuándose la acumulación de grasa en la región abdominal. Para contrarrestar estos y otros cambios desfavorables que aparecen en la mujer posmenopáusica se emplea la terapia de reemplazo hormonal, cuyos beneficios reales sobre el sistema vascular se encuentran aún en discusión...

Efecto de los anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos en la formación y degradación de la malla de fibrina en pacientes con aborto recurrente / Effect of antiphospholipid antibodies on the formation and lysis of fibrin network in patients with recurrent miscarriage

En el presente trabajo se estudió el proceso de formación y disolución de la malla de fibrina y la generación de plasmina en un grupo de pacientes con aborto recurrente (AR) debido a la presencia de anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos (N= 10), mujeres con AR sin el síndrome antifosfolipídico (SAF) (N= 6) y se comparó con un grupo de mujeres sanas (N= 8). Del grupo de pacientes estudiadas con SAF, nueve fueron positivas para anticuerpos anticardiolipina (aCL), cinco para la anti-b2-glicoproteína I (anti-b2GPI), cuatro para ambos anticuerpos, una para anticuerpos antiprotrombina (aPT) y anticoagulante lúpico (AL). El proceso de formación de la fibrina y su disolución fue estudiado por turbidimetría y la generación de plasmina mediante sustrato cromogénico S2251. Las curvas de polimerización de la(s) paciente(s) con AR sin SAF y AL presentaron un incremento en la pendiente y turbidez final, comparado con las del grupo control de mujeres sanas. La velocidad de disolución del coágulo fue mayor en la paciente con AL (21 ± 0) 10-4 DDO/seg y en las AR sin SAF (19,6 ± 5,7) 10-4 DDO/seg, comparado con el grupo control (14,5 ± 2,8) 10-4 DDO/seg. La generación de plasmina estuvo incrementada solamente en las AR sin SAF (85 ± 24%) comparado con 52 ± 3% en el grupo control, p= 0,005. Los cambios observados en el proceso de polimerización y fibrinólisis de la(s) paciente(s) con AR sin SAF y AL pudieran estar relacionados con el incremento en los niveles de fibrinógeno, mientras que los de la generación de plasmina con la entidad mórbida.

The present work was intended to study the process of fibrin formation and lysis and plasmin generation in a group of patients with recurrent miscarriage (RM), due to the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (N= 10); as well as in women with RM without the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) (N= 6), compared with those of a group of healthy women (N= 8). In the group of patients with APS, nine were positive for antibodies against cardiolipin (aCL), five for anti-b2-glycoprotein I (anti-b2GPI), four for both antibodies, and one for antibodies against prothrombin (aPT) and lupus anticoagulant (LA). Fibrin formation and lysis was followed by turbidity and plasmin generation using chromogenic substrate S2251. The polymerization curves from RM patients without APS and the LA patient showed an increased slope and maximum turbidity compared to those of the control group. The speed of lysis was higher in the LA patient (21 ± 0) 10-4 DOD/seg and the RM patients without APS (19.6 ± 5.7) 10-4 DDO/seg, compared to that of the control group (14.5 ± 2.8) 10-4 DDO/seg. Plasmin generation increased only in RM patients without APS (85 ± 24%) against the control group (52 ± 3%), p= 0.005. The changes observed in the fibrin polymerization and lysis process of women with RM without APS and LA seem to be related to their higher fibrinogen levels, while the increased plasmin generation was related to the patients´ morbidity.

Hipercoagulabilidade e câncer de pulmão: [revisão] / Hypercoagulability and lung cancer: [review]

A relação entre câncer e alteração na coagulação já havia sido sugerida há quase 150 anos por Trousseau e, subseqüentemente, ficou claro o maior risco que os pacientes oncológicos têm de desenvolverem fenômenos tromboembólicos. Isto pode ser conseqüência da ativação do sistema de coagulação pelas células neoplásicas ou pelas terapias empregadas (quimioterapias e cirurgias). Tais fenômenos podem, ainda, ser a primeira manifestação do câncer e a sua recorrência, mesmo com anticoagulação adequada, foi descrita. O sistema de coagulação é ativado, normalmente, com finalidade reparativa. Na presença de neoplasias, este complexo sistema está atuante frente a variados estímulos e parece contribuir para a progressão tumoral. Este efeito é mais importante para os focos metastáticos que para o próprio tumor primário. Contudo, a maior parte das vítimas de neoplasias morre das complicações das metástases, revelando a importância deste tema. Nesta área, vários mecanismos já são conhecidos e geram interessantes perspectivas para tratamentos futuros. Atualmente, o sucesso obtido com as heparinas de baixo peso molecular no carcinoma de pequenas células de pulmão é animador. Embora o conhecimento sobre esses mecanismos sejam relativamente recentes, os campos de pesquisa e tratamento estão amplamente abertos.

The relationship between cancer and coagulopathy was suggested by Trousseau nearly 150 years ago. Later, it became more evident that oncologic patients are at a higher risk of experiencing thromboembolic events. This can be due to activation of the coagulation system either by neoplastic cells or by prescribed therapies (chemotherapy or surgical procedures). In fact, these events can constitute the first manifestation of cancer, and their recurrence, despite efficient anticoagulation, has been described. The coagulation system is normally activated in order to provide healing. In the presence of neoplasms, this complex system is activated as a response to multiple stimuli and seems to contribute to cancer progression. Activation of the coagulation system has a greater effect on metastatic foci than on the primary tumor. However, most cancer victims die from complications caused by metastasis, which underscores the importance of this theme. In this area, various mechanisms have been described, creating promising perspectives for future treatments. The current success in using low-molecular-weight heparins against small cell lung cancer is encouraging. Although the knowledge of those mechanisms is relatively incipient, many basic research and clinical studies are underway.

Study of some haemostatic and inflammatory parameters in preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant females

Preeclampsia is an idiopathic multisystem disorder specific to human pregnancy characterized by gestational hypertension and proteinuria. It complicates many pregnancies and is the third common cause of maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. The aim of the present work was to elucidate the relationship between serum maternal levels of C-reactive protein [CRP] as an inflammatory marker and coagulation and fibrinolysis as haemostatic markers in preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant females compared to non-pregnant females. Sixty females were enrolled in the study divided into ten non pregnant healthy females as the control group [Group I], twenty five normotensive pregnant females [Group II], twenty five preeclamptic pregnant females [Group III]. The pregnant females all were primigravidae, in the third trimester of pregnancy. For all these females C-reactive protein was measured as an inflammatory marker. Haemostatic parameters included platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time as coagulation parameters while fibrinolytic parameter included euglobulin clot lysis time. The results showed a significant negative correlation between CRP and platelet count in preeclamptic group. It also showed a higher positive correlation between CRP and Euglobulin Clot Lysis Time [fibrinolysis parameter] in preeclampsia than in the normotensive and control groups

Regulación antitrombótica por la fibrinólisis / Antithrombotic regulation by fibrinolytic system

In this work it is emphasized the presence of the fibrinolitico system in different physiological mechanisms, specially in the antithrombotic regulation of the hemostasis. It is described: the mechanism of activation of plasminogen by their activators as much on the fibrin as in the cells surface; the inhibition of the activators in different metabolic alterations.

Fibrinolytic markers and neurologic outcome in traumatic brain injury.

AIMS: To determine the usefulness of fibrinolytic markers as early prognostic indicators in patients with isolated head trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-two consecutive patients (26 women and 36 men; mean age 61 years, range 2-76 years) with isolated head trauma seen within the first three hours of the trauma were included in the study. The Glasgow Coma score (GCS), platelet counts (Plt), prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products (FDP) and D-dimer levels were measured. Head computerized tomography (CT) findings were categorized as brain edema, linear fracture, depressed fracture, contusion and bleeding. Plt counts, PT, PTT, fibrinogen, FDP, D-dimer levels and CT findings were compared with both GCS and mortality in the first week. Statistical significance was accepted at P <or=0.05. RESULTS: A marked negative relationship was found between GCS and PT, PTT, FDP and D-dimer levels (P < 0.001). Plt levels did not correlate with GCS. Mortality was most strongly related to GCS, PT, FDP and D-dimer levels (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). We found no relationship between mortality and CT findings, nor was there any significant relationship between Plt, PTT and fibrinogen levels. CONCLUSION: GCS and fibrinolytic markers measured within the first three hours were useful in determining the prognosis of patients with isolated head trauma.

Anticoagulação na mulher / Abticoagulation in women

As doenças cardiovasculares, como valvulopatias, insuficiência cardíaca e fibrilação atrial, estão associadas a risco aumentado de tromboembolismo, sendo indicado o uso crônico de anticoagulante oral. Mulheres em idade procriativa e que desejam ter filhos, principalmente as portadoras de prótese valvar cardíaca mecânica, apresentam risco aumentado tanto de complicações maternas como fetais. A gestação está associada a incidência aumentada de tromboembolismo, pelo estado de hipercoagulabilidade, e o anticoagulante oral mais seguro para a mãe está relacionado a graves efeitos colaterais fetais. A melhor opção anticoagulante durante a gestação representa ainda um dilema e cada doença exige uma abordagem específica. Neste artigo são revisados os esquemas de profilaxia anticoagulante dose ajustada indicados durante a gestação e o puerpério em mulheres portadores de cardiopatia e nas de muito alto risco para ou com tromboembolismo venoso prévio, os potenciais riscos e benefícios das opções terapêuticas, as doses necessárias, e as dificuldades de adequação monitoramento da atividade anticoagulante. Também são relacionadas outras indicações de anticoagulação crônica em mulheres, com exceção das idosas, tema abordado em outros trabalhos.

Circadian pattern of acute variceal bleeding in Egyptian patients

Chronic liver disease leading to cirrhosis is the most common cause of portal hypertension which may end in serious bleeding from gastro-oesophageal varices. Recent studies have demonstrated a daily pattern of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis evidenced by one or two peaks throughout the day. The assessment of the circadian rhythm of acute variceal bleeding with the possible participation of circadian changes of the fibrinolytic parameters. The study included 264 patients with liver cirrhosis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding in addition to 20 healthy subjects as a control group. The assessment of fibrinolytic parameters was completed in 60 of the patient group in addition to the control group. The fibrinolytic activity was assessed by estimation of Tissue plasminogen activator antigen [tPA: Ag] and Plasminogen activator inhibitor antigen [PAI-1: Ag], the latter is considered the fast acting inhibitor of plasminogen activators. We observed statistically significant 2 time peaks of upper gastrointestinal bleeding at hour 04:00 and hour 17:00 with overlapping peak of the fibrinolytic parameter, tissue plasminogen activator antigen, with the night peak of bleeding. There are 2 time peaks of upper gastrointestinal bleeding with a temporal association between the night peak and a relative hyperfibrinolytic state

Disturbance of some coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in essential hypertension

Hypertension is an established risk factor for acute coronary events. Growing evidence is now apparent that hypertension is accompanied by hypercoagulable and/or hypofibrinoltic state, both of which can be the cause of several cardiovascular risk factors noticed with hypertension. To show the relationship between hypertension and some components of fibrinolytic and coaguIation systems . In this study, the plasma levels of fibrinogen, FVII, D-dimer, t-PA and PAI-I were studied in three groups of male persons. A hypertensive group of patients [16], complicated hypertensive group [16] and a group of normotensive persons [16] were included in this work Patients were selected from outpatient clinic of Cardiology Department, Assiut University Hospital, during the period from December 2001 until December 2002. The mean plasma levels of fibrinogen, FFVII, t-PA, PAZ-I and D dimer before treatment of the hypertensive and complicated hypertensive groups were significantly higher than that of the normotensive group .The mean plasma levels of these factors [except FVII] in the complicated hypertensive group were significantly higher than that of the hypertensive group. After treatment of these groups, the mean plasma levels of all factors decreased significant and there was no significant difference between the two groups. It is clear from this study that there are disturbances in the levels of coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in hypertensive patients particularly in the complicated hypertensive patients. This indicates severity of disturbance of these factors in hypertensive patients making them risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, etc

El kininógeno de alto peso molecular: su participación en la respuesta inflamatoria y en la angiogénesis. Propiedades y posible aplicación terapéutica / High molecular weight kininogen in inflammation and angiogenesis: a review of its properties and therapeutic applications

The plasma kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) participates in the pathogenesis of inflammatory reactions involved in cellular injury, coagulation, fibrinolysis, kinin formation, complement activation, cytokine secretion and release of proteases. It has been shown that KKS activation in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome results in decrease of its component plasma proteins. Similar changes have been documented in diabetes, sepsis, children with vasculitis, allograft rejection, disseminated intravascular coagulation, patients with recurrent pregnancy losses, hereditary angioedema, adult respiratory distress syndrome and coronary artery disease. Direct involvement of the KKS in the pathogenesis of experimental acute arthritis and acute and chronic enterocolitis has been documented by previous studies from our laboratory using experimental animal models. It has been found that in HK deficient Lewis rats, experimental IBD was much less severe. We showed a genetic difference in kininogen structure between resistant Buffalo and susceptible Lewis rats, which results in accelerated cleavage of HK and it is responsible for the susceptibility to the inflammatory process in the Lewis rats. It has been demostrated that therapy with a specific plasma kallikrein inhibitor (P8720) modulated the experimental enterocolitis, arthritis and systemic inflammation. Furthermore, it has been shown that a bradykinin 2 receptor (B2R) antagonist attenuates the inflammatory changes in the same animal model. We have showed that a monoclonal antibody targeting HK decreases angiogénesis and arrests tumor growth in a syngeneic animal model. In summary, these results indicate that the plasma KKS plays a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation, arthritis and angiogenesis.

Se ha demostrado la participación del sistema plasmático de kalikreína-kininas (KKS) en el proceso inflamatorio, el cual incluye reacciones de daño celular, coagulación y fibrinólisis, formación de kininas, activación del complemento, secreción de citoquinas y liberación de proteasas. El KKS se encuentra activado en el síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica con una disminución en la concentración plasmática de las proteínas que lo constituyen. También se ha demostrado una activación similar en la diabetes, choque séptico, vasculitis en infantes, enfermedad injerto-huésped, coagulación intravascular diseminada, pacientes con abortos de repetición, angioedema hereditario, el síndrome de estrés respiratorio del adulto y enfermedad coronaria arterial. Mediante el uso de modelos animales experimentales, nuestro laboratorio ha demostrado una participación directa del KKS en la patogénesis de la artritis experimental aguda y la enterocolitis aguda y crónica. Se ha demostrado que en la rata tipo Lewis, cuando es deficiente de kininógeno de alto peso molecular (HK), la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal es menos severa comparada con la presentada en ratas con niveles normales de HK como la Buffalo. Nosotros mostramos una diferencia entre el gene que codifica la molécula del kininógeno de la rata tipo Buffalo (resistentes) y Lewis (susceptibles), que resulta en un incremento de la actividad proteolítica de kalikreína sobre su substrato HK, lo cual predispone a las ratas Lewis al desarrollo de la enfermedad inflamatoria crónica. Se ha demostrado una disminución en las manifestaciones inflamatorias sistémicas de la enterocolitis y artritis experimental mediante el uso de un inhibidor específico de la kalikreína (P8720). Además, el antagonista del receptor 2 de la bradikinina (BR2) atenuó los cambios inflamatorios en el mismo modelo animal. Asimismo, se ha demostrado que las ratas Lewis deficientes de kininógeno desarrollaron inflamación intestinal sistémica menos severa. Mediante el uso del anticuerpo monoclonal C11C1 contra HK se logró una disminución de la angiogenesis y, consecuentemente, el crecimiento tumoral. En conclusión, los resultados demuestran que el sistema plasmático de KKS desempeña un papel preponderante en la patogénesis de la artritis reumatoide, la enfermedad intestinal crónica y en el proceso angiogénico.

Etiopathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) involves activation of clotting as well as fibrinolytic pathways. Thrombosis from thrombin release results in end-organ damage, whereas consumption of coagulation factors results in bleeding. Sepsis is the commonest cause of DIC. The consumption of antithrombin in sepsis abrogates its anti-inflammatory role and so its low level is a poor prognostic marker in sepsis. The increased release of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) as seen in sepsis decreases fibrinolysis and promotes increased microvascular thrombosis. Here, we discuss the role of inhibitors of coagulation, cytokines, kinins, complement and vasoactive peptides in DIC.

Coagulação e fibrinólise em esquistossomóticos submetidos a esplenectomia, ligadura de veia gástrica esquerda e auto-inplante de tecido esplênico / Coagulation and fibrinolisis in bearers of schistosomiasis who underwent splenectomy, ligature of the left gastric vein and auto implantation of spleen tissue

Esquistossomose hepatoesplenica (EHE) causa comprometimento da reserva funcional hepática e consequentemente da hemostasia. A complicação mais temida dessa doença é a hemorragia digestiva alta, necessitando muitas vezes de transfusão sangüinea. O tratamento cirurgico mais utilizado nesses casos é a esplenectomia e ligadura de veia gástrica esquerda. Em crianças esse procedimento é associado ao auto-implante de fragmentos de tecido esplênico no omento maior (GAIE - Grupo I), vizando minimizar possíveis eventos de sepse pós-cirúrgica. Essa técnica vem se mostrando eficaz, pois melhora a função hepática, diminui a hipertensão portal e melhora o desenvolvimento somático nesses pacientes. Vários estudos já foram realizados nessa classe de indivíduos, mas a coagulação e fibrinólise não foram investigadas de forma sistemática. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento clínico e cirúrgico nesses pacientes. Foram analisados: Tempo de Protrombina e Atividade Enzimática (TPAE); Tempo de Tromboplastina Parcialmente Ativada (TTPA); Fibrinogênio e D-dímero. Foram estudados dois grupos de voluntários: GAIE - Grupo teste e grupo controle (GC), formado por 13 não esquistossomótico residentes em áreas endêmicas. Não houve alterações significantes nos parâmetros testados nos dois grupos [(TPAE: GAIE vs GC - X:0,98 ñ 0,08 vs X: 0,95 ñ 0,09), (TTPA: GAIE vs GC - X:0,98 ñ 0,06 vs GC X: 0,98 ñ0,12), (Fib C: GAIE vs GC - X: 2,36 ñ0,34 g/l vs GC X: 2,49 ñ0,24 g/l) p= 0,05]. Todos D-dímeros mostraram-se negativos, similar à literatura. Esses resultados reforçam a idéia de que o tratamento clínico/cirúrgico contribui para manutenção en níveis fisiológicos dos parâmetros da hemostadia, como parâmetro de reserva funcional hepática

Avaliaçäo de coagulaçäo, fibrinólise e proteína C em pacientes de risco e com doenças coronarianas / Evaluation of coagulation, fibrinolysis and protein C in risk patients and patients presenting coronarian diseases

A hemostasia é resultante do equilíbrio entre pró-coagulantes e anticoagulantes, envolvendo vasos, plaquetas, proteínas da coagulaçäo e da fibrinólise e anticoagulantes naturais. Todos estes componentes estäo inter-relacionados, constituindo os sistemas de coagulaçäo, anticoagulaçäo e fibrinólise. Muitos fatores, genéticos ou adquiridos, podem contribuir para romper este equilíbrio, levando a estados de hipo ou hipercoagulabilidade. Em doenças coronarianas como a angina e o infarto, há uma maior ativaçäo das plaquetas e das proteínas da coagulaçäo, favorecendo a formaçäo de trombos. Na tentativa de restaurar a hemostasia, ocorre a intervençäo do sistema fibrinolítico, o qual promove a lise do coágulo e desobstrui o vaso. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os mecanismos da coagulaçäo e da fibrinólise e a proteína C, um anticoagulante natural. Foram estudados 20 pacientes com doenças coronarianas, notadamente angina de peito (n = 8) e infarto agudo do miocárdio (n = 12), além de pacientes potencialmente em risco de desenvolver doença cardiovascular (n = 17). O grupo infarto foi pareado com indivíduos sadios do ponto de vista clinicolaboratorial (grupo-controle, n = 12). Os resultados revelaram uma diferença significativa nos níveis de fibrinogênio nos grupos de angina e infarto quando comparados ao grupo-controle. Níveis de proteína C ativada também mostraram diferença significativa entre os grupos de risco e infarto. Os demais parâmetros hemostáticos avaliados näo diferiram significativamente entre os grupos estudados, porém foi observada uma tendência à hipercoagulabilidade nos grupos de pacientes quando comparados ao grupo-controle

Thrombohaemorrhagic balance in diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes changes the thrombohaemorrhagic balance which exists in healthy flowing blood. This change predisposes a diabetic patient to various thrombo-embolic conditions, leading to increased mortality and morbidity of these patients. Increase in certain coagulation factors like factors XII, XI, VIII, fibrinogen and VWF, decreased fibrinolysis, increased platelet aggregation, endothelial cell dysfunction coupled with increased blood viscosity and decreased red cell deformability are some of the changes that contribute to increased thrombo-embolic incidence in this disease.

Fisiologia da coagulaçäo, anticoagulaçäo e fibrinólise / Overview of coagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolysis

O presente artigo revisa aspectos de fisiologia dos sistemas de coagulaçäo, anticoagulaçäo e fibrinólise, que säo relevantes para a compreensäo de mecanismos etiopatogênicos operantes em doenças hemorrágicas e trombóticas

Ginger, fat and fibrinolysis.

Administration of 50 gm of fat to 30 healthy adult volunteers decreased fibrinolytic activity from a mean of 64.20 +/- 5.31 to 52.10 +/- 3.20 units (P < 0.001). Supplementation of 5 gm of ginger powder with fatty meal not only prevented the fall in fibrinolytic activity but actually increased it significantly (P < 0.001). This fibrinolytic enhancing property is a further addition to the therapeutic potential of ginger.

Hipofibrinolisis y otros defectos de la hemostasia en mujeres con antecedentes de fallas reproductivas tempranas / Hypofibrinolysis and other hemostatic defects in women with antecedents of early reproductive failure

El sistema fibrinolítico participa en la lisis del coágulo y en otros procesos biológicos que requieren proteólisis extracelular, como la ovulación, la implantación del blastocito, y la invasión trofoblástica. Un daño en la capacidad fibrinolítica es un hallazgo frecuente en mujeres con antecedentes de pérdidas embrio-fetales tempranas recurrentes inexplicables. Realizamos un estudio prospectivo en 114 pacientes, estableciendo tres grupos: Grupo 1: 52 mujeres con antecedente de dos o más abortos espontáneos tempranos (< 12 semanas) inexplicables. Grupo 2: 46 mujeres con antecedente de falla en la implantación embrionaria en 2 o más ciclos de técnicas de reproducción asistida (TRA), luego de la transferencia de embriones con buena capacidad morfológica y evolutiva. Grupo 3: 16 mujeres con antecedente de falla en la implantación embrionaria en 2 o más ciclos de TRA y un aborto espontáneo temprano de un embarazo logrado por TRA. Se determinaron el perfil fibrinolítico pre y post isquemia (ECLT, PAI-1b, PAI-1i, t-PAb, t-Pai), LAC, ACA IgG e IgM, Fibrinógeno, Factor XII y APCR. Observamos una alta prevalencia de defectos trombofílicos e hipofibrinolisis en los tres grupos. El perfil fibrinolítico fue semejante en los tres grupos, sin embargo el ECLT pre isquemia se encontró prolongado más frecuentemente en mujeres con infertilidad primaria (Grupo 2). La hipofibrinolisis se presentó como defecto aislado en el 50 por ciento de los casos y en el resto combinada con LAC, ACA IgG y/o IgM y APCR. El perfil fibrinolítico fue semejante en mujeres con y sin anticuerpos antifosfolípidos (APAs), aunque fue más frecuente encontrar un PAI-1i preisquemia elevado en las mujeres sin APAs. La alta prevalencia de hipofibrinolisis observada tanto en mujeres con antecedentes de aborto espontáneo temprano recurrente inexplicable como en mujeres con infertilidad primaria, manifestada como falla reiterada en la implantación embrionaria en TRA, sugieren que la hipofibrinolisis podría ser un marcador de fallas reproductivas tempranas.